Ngày 16: Bị động (passive voice)

Trong ngôn ngữ thường ngày, chúng ta thường có thói quen sử dụng thì chủ động. Tuy nhiên, trong tiếng Anh, đặc biệt là trong bài thi IELTS, chúng ta nên biết cách kết hợp với thì BỊ ĐỘNG để khiến cho phần thi của mình đa dạng về mặt ngữ pháp.

Công thức tổng quát

Câu bị động có thể được chuyển đổi từ câu chủ động có chứa ngoại động từ, tức là phải có một đối tượng bị chủ thể tác động lên. Khi đó, ta đổi vật thể bị tác động lên làm chủ ngữ, còn chủ thể thực hiện hành động có thể được nhắc đến hoặc không.

S + (aux) + be + V3 + (by + n)

Câu bị động được dùng trong trường hợp người nói muốn nhấn mạnh vật thể bị tác động.

Công thức cụ thể

Thì

Cấu trúc

Present simple

(Hiện tại đơn)

S + am/is/are (not) + V3

e.g. :

Active: The documentary doesn’t properly address global warming.

Passive: Global warming isn’t properly addressed in the documentary.

Present continuous

(Hiện tại tiếp diễn)

S + am/is/are (not) + being + V3

e.g. :

Active: Paper bags are replacing plastic bags.

Passive: Plastic bags are being replaced by paper bags.

Present perfect

(Hiện tại hoàn thành)

S + has/have (not) + been + V3

e.g. :

Active: Some countries have replaced teachers by robots in the classrooms

Passive: Robots have been used in some countries to replace teachers in the classroom.

Past simple

(Quá khứ đơn)

giống Present simple nhưng động từ to be chia quá khứ: was/were

Past continuous

(Quá khứ tiếp diễn)

giống Present continuous nhưng động từ to be chia quá khứ: was/were

Past perfect

(Quá khứ hoàn thành)

giống Present perfect nhưng trợ động từ have/has chia quá khứ: had

Future simple

(Tương lai đơn)

S + will (not) be + V3

e.g. :

Active: The Congress will review the new policy.

Passive: The new policy will be reviewed by the Congress.

“be going to”

S + is/are (not) + going to be + V3

e.g. :

Active: Santa Claus is going to give nice children Christmas presents tonight.

Passive: Nice children are going to be given Christmas presents by Santa Claus tonight.

Modal verbs

(must, may, might, can, could, will, would, should, used to, have to, need to)

S + modals + be + V3

e.g. :

Active: The authority should practice the new law immediately.

Passive: The new law should be practiced immediately.

Reporting verbs (tường thuật)

(agree, announce, argue, believe, claim, disclose, expect, hope, know, predict, report, say, suggest, think, understand)

It is + V3 + that + clause

e.g. :

Active: Many people expect that Hillary will become the new president.

Passive: It is expected that Hillary will become the new president.

Để miêu tả quy trình trong IELTS Writing Task 1

Đối với dạng bài quy trình trong IELTS Writing Task 1, câu bị động được sử dụng nhiều hơn câu chủ động.

e.g. :

After carrots are cut, they will be put in a pot to make a special kind of soup for this meal.

Để diễn đạt phương án giải quyết trong IELTS Speaking Part 3 hoặc IELTS Writing Task 2.

e.g. :

Solutions must be given by the local authorities to solve the problem of air pollution. (Writing task 2)

I think children should be taught about moral lessons so that they know how to behave well with other people. (Speaking part 3)

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the correct verb tenses.

IELTS Writing Task 1 – Process:

Sample answer:

The diagram illustrates the procedure of how to recycle worn-out glass bottles.

Overall, it can (1) ……………… (observe) that there are three phases in recycling used glass bottles, beginning with the collection of wasted bottles and ending with the delivery of newly created bottles.

First, wasted glass bottles (2) ……………… (gather) and (3) ……………… (put) into a collection point and then these bottles will (4) ……………… (transfer) to a facility where they (5) ……………… (place) into high-pressure water tanks to wash out dirt and impurities. Next, the bottles will (6) ……………… (arrange) and (7) ……………… (categorize) into three colours (brown, green and clear).

In the subsequent stage, the bottles (8) ……………… (deliver) to a glass factory where they will (9) ……………… (smash) into small pieces. Then, the process (10) ……………… (continue) by putting them into a burning furnace with temperatures ranging from 6000C up to 8000C and then a liquid (11) ……………… (produce). Afterwards, the recycled liquid glass and new liquid glass will (12) ……………… (combine) and (13) ……………… (shape) in a glass mould. Finally, newly formed glasses (14) ……………… (fill) with products and (15) ……………… (deliver) to different supermarkets.

(171 words – Band score 8)

Exercise 2: Change these sentences from active voice to passive voice.

Example: Shakespeare wrote that play.

g That play was written by Shakespeare.

Among the presents I have received, I really like the Converse Classic that my mom gave me on my 16^th birthday.

...............................................................................................................................................

When I was in high school, teachers taught us Literature and that has still been my most favorite subject so far.

...............................................................................................................................................

Some people prepare weather forecast and then broadcast it on TV for the public.

...............................................................................................................................................

I can buy that shirt for half the original price because I see people advertised it on an online shopping application.

...............................................................................................................................................

Steve Jobs founded Apple and Apple is one of the biggest technological companies in the world.

...............................................................................................................................................

When I was a student at a local secondary school, my classmates appointed me to be their monitor.

...............................................................................................................................................

Some people say that parents should not encourage children to be in showbiz.

...............................................................................................................................................

People add sugar to the mixture and then cool the mixture before putting it in different kinds of mould.

...............................................................................................................................................

My parents often take me to the bookstore. I really like that feeling.

...............................................................................................................................................

After people collect potatoes from the farm, they will rinse them to remove dirt.

...............................................................................................................................................

Exercise 1:

be observed
are gathered
put
be transferred
are placed
be arranged
categorized
are delivered

be smashed
continues
is produced
be combined
shaped
are filled
delivered

Exercise 2:

Among the presents I have received, I really like the Converse Classic given by my mom on my 16^th birthday.
When I was at high school, I was taught Literature and that has still been my most favorite subject so far.
Weather forecast is prepared and then broadcast on TV for the public.
That shirt can be bought for half the original price because I see it being advertised on an online shopping application.
Apple is founded by Steve Job and is one of the biggest technological companies in the world.
When I was a student at a local secondary school, I was appointed to be the monitor.
It is said that parents should not encourage children to be in showbiz.
The mixture is added sugar and then cooled before being put in different kinds of mould.
I am often taken to the bookstore by my parents. I really like that feeling.
After potatoes are collected from the farm, they will be rinsed to remove dirt.