Unit 13: Hobbies & Lifestyle

I. Hoàn thành các câu trả lời IELTS Speaking Part 1 dưới đây dựa vào gợi ý
1.      Have you got any hobbies or interests?
I/really/keen on/sports.
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I/do judo/once a week/play tennis/summer.
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I/think/important/keep fit.
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It/make/you/feel/good and energized/work/studies.
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2.      Do you do any sports?
Not really… no
I/always/say/I/going/take up exercise/get into shape/but/I/never/seem/get started.
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I/sometimes/wonder/whether/I/get/personal trainer/who/sort out/fitness programme/me/ make/me/train/hard.
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3.      How do you spend a typical weekend?
I/big/football fan/and/weekends/always/centre/football match.
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I/support/FC Utrecht/have/season ticket/so/I/go/most/home games/a few/away games/too
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I/look forward/new/football season/start/soon.
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II. Đọc đoạn văn sau và trả lời các câu hỏi

Changing our Understanding of Health

A
The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and groups. These meanings of health have also changed over time. This change is no more evident than in Western society today, when notions of health and health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways.
B
For much of recent Western history, health has been viewed in the physical sense only. That is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine. Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms. According to this view, creating health for people means providing medical care to treat or prevent disease and illness. During this period, there was an emphasis on providing clean water, improved sanitation and housing.
C
In the late 1940s the World Health Organisation challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health. They stated that "health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease" (WHO, 1946). Health and the person were seen more holistically (mind/body/spirit) and not just in physical terms.
D
The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasising the importance of the lifestyle and behaviour of the individual. Specific behaviours which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits, were targeted. Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviours and lifestyles. While this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach to health worked for some (the wealthy members of society), people experiencing poverty, unemployment, underemployment or little control over the conditions of their daily lives benefited little from this approach. This was largely because both the healthy lifestyles approach and the medical approach to health largely ignored the social and environmental conditions affecting the health of people.
E
During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyle factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social, economic and environmental contexts in which people live. This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health. The broad socio-ecological view of health was endorsed at the first International Conference of Health Promotion held in 1986, Ottawa, Canada, where people from 38 countries agreed and declared that:
"The fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace, shelter, education, food, a viable income, a stable eco-system, sustainable resources, social justice and equity. Improvement in health requires a secure foundation in these basic requirements."
(WHO, 1986)
It is clear from this statement that the creation of health is about much more than encouraging healthy individual behaviours and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care. Therefore, the creation of health must include addressing issues such as poverty, pollution, urbanisation, natural resource depletion, social alienation and poor working conditions. The social, economic and environmental contexts which contribute to the creation of heath do not operate separately or independently of each other. Rather, they are interacting and interdependent, and it is the complex interrelationships between them which determine the conditions that promote health. A broad socio-ecological view of health suggests that the promotion of health must include a strong social, economic and environmental focus.
F
At the Ottawa Conference in 1986, a charter was developed which outlined new directions for health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of health. This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, remains as the backbone of health action today. In exploring the scope of health promotion it states that:
Good health is a major resource for social, economic and personal development and an important dimension of quality of life. Political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural and biological factors can all favour health or be harmful to it. (WHO, 1986)
The Ottawa Charter brings practical meaning and action to this broad notion of health promotion. It presents fundamental strategies and approaches in achieving health for all. The overall philosophy of health promotion which guides these fundamental strategies and approaches is one of "enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health" (WHO, 1986).
 
Questions 1-10
Choose the answer which has the CLOSEST meaning to the words below

Questions 11-13
Underline the key words in the questions below.
11.   In which year did the World Health Organisation define health in terms of mental, physical and social well-being?
12.   Name the three broad areas which relate to people's health, according to the socio-ecological view of health.
13.   During which decade were lifestyle risks seen as the major contributors to poor health?

Questions 14-16
Answer the 3 questions above using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

Luyện tập

Điền dạng đúng của từ trong ngoặc vào chỗ trống để hoàn thiện bài IELTS Writing Task 2 với chủ đề dưới đây:
Fewer and fewer people walk on a daily basis. What are the reasons and how to encourage them to spend their time walking?

Sample:
People seem to be ………………….(increase) reluctant to have a walk regularly. As there are certain causes of such a trend, some ………………….(solve)  are also available to urge people to walk more.
Amongst the reasons for the lack of people’s interest in the walking activity, the ………………….(convenient)  of modern technology in travelling and the ………………….(bore) of walking activity are the two significant ones. Firstly, some ………………….(technology)  applications which support travelling such as electric lifts and ………………….(escalate)  are very common in public places. These devices help people to move to the higher levels of a building more ………………….(ease)  and quickly than using the stairs, so people would feel unnecessary to walk. Secondly, walking for exercise can seem ………………….(monotony)  to many people because they have to repeat a series of actions every day, unlike going to the gym where they can use different exercising machines; ………………….(addition), it is less boring to train with and talk to other members at the gym.
In order to raise people’s interest in walking, there are some workable solutions to be adopted. To begin with, walking the stairs can be made a more ………………….(enjoy)  experience by adding some attractive decorations to them. For example, some 3D painting ………………….(art) can be hired to paint their eye-catching works of art on the walls and the staircases, which may make people excited to use the stairs the next time. In addition, companies can offer some incentives such as free gym membership to the ………………….(employ)  who use the stairs instead of the lift. They can also hold a company event in the form of a walking ………………….(compete)  with prizes to promote the benefits of walking for health.
In conclusion, people dislike walking for several reasons, and this problem of ………………….(inactive) can be addressed with some measures suggested.