Ngày 18: Liên từ (conjunction)

 Formula Liên từ đẳng lập dùng để nối các từ, nhóm từ, cụm từ cùng loại, nối các mệnh đề ngang hàng nhau.

Những liên từ kết hợp được dùng phổ biến gồm: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (hay còn gọi là nhóm FANBOYS – được ghép từ các chữ cái đầu tiên của các liên từ).

e.g.: The new building near the residential area is very modern and innovative, yet unwelcomed by the local people.

Usage in IELTS

Trong bài thi IELTS Writing, thí sinh tránh tuyệt đối không đặt các liên từ đẳng lập ở đầu câu vì đó là cấu trúc không trang trọng. Thay vào đó, ta có thể dùng từ/cụm từ đồng nghĩa để câu văn tự nhiên hơn.

Words	Synonyms
And	In addition Additionally Moreover Furthermore
But/Yet	However Nevertheless
For	Because Since As
So	Therefore Accordingly As a result As a consequence Consequently

e.g.: There are many effects that are caused by this matter; however, the most prime example is that students would focus on getting a part-time job to cover their intuition fees.

Liên từ tương hợp được tạo thành bởi sự kết hợp giữa liên từ và các từ khác, dùng để liên kết các cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề có chức năng tương đương nhau về mặt ngữ pháp.

both A and B	vừa A vừa B	Động từ chia số nhiều
not only A but also B either A or B neither A nor B	không những A mà còn B hoặc A hoặc B không A cũng không B	Động từ chia theo B
A as well as B	A cũng như B	Động từ chia theo A

e.g.: Not only the computers but also the Internet connection was malfunctioning

Liên từ phụ thuộc dùng để nối mệnh đề độc lập với mệnh đề phụ thuộc. Do đặc trưng luôn đứng trước mệnh đề phụ thuộc, Liên đề phụ thuộc được phân loại dựa vào các mệnh đề phụ thuộc như sau:

 Liên từ phụ thuộc nối mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ thời gian

before	trước khi
as as soon as while when until	đến khi, lúc
after	sau khi

e.g.: Gold value hit its lowest in a year in November as the US dollar strengthened.

 Liên từ phụ thuộc nối mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ nguyên nhân

as

because

now that

since

e.g.: You need to pratice your listening skills at least 1 hour per day because ‘practice makes perfect’.

Liên từ phụ thuộc nối mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ điều kiện

if

provided/providing that

in case

unless

so long as

e.g.: Provided that the employees follow safety regulations, supervision will be kept at minimum level.

Liên từ phụ thuộc nối mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ mục đích

so that

in order that

e.g.: The travel agent changed my reservation in order that I could take a later flight.

Liên từ phụ thuộc nối mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ kết quả

so + adj + that + clause

such + noun + that + clause

e.g.: Abortion is such a heated topic that numerous debations have been carried out.

Liên từ phụ thuộc nối mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ sự tương phản

although

though

even though

while

despite

e.g.: Although my applications were submitted late, the admission board decided to give me a chance.

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with a suitable conjunction from the box.

because  since  and  therefore  in order to  for if after because despite

1. Mark’s classmates threw a surprise party for him, …….……………… tomorrow is his birthday.

2. Jimmy is admired by a lot of girls in his school because he is tall ………………… plays basketball very well.

3. ………………………………… you need my help, feel free to call me.

4. My mom often travels to work by scooter (xe tay ga) but today she is cycling to work ………………………………… her scooter is out of order.

5. There was heavy rain for 4 days consecutively; …………………………………, we had to delay our trip.

6. I have played the piano …………………………..……… I was a little girl.

7. ………………………………… being collected, the strawberries will be washed to remove all the dirt.

8. …………………… I were a billionaire, I would buy some mansions for my family to live for the rest of their life.

9. Huong still managed to pass the test ………………………………… being ill for the whole week.

10. I went to the supermarket …………………………………… buy some necessary groceries for my family.

Exercise 2: Choose the best answer for each question.

1. … Phong … Nam will be the one who is awarded with the scholarship. That’s why both of them have to try very hard.

A. Neither…nor          B. Either…or              C. Both…and             D. Not only…but also

2. Could I have the red pens ………… the blue ones, please?

A. over                                    B. and                         C. instead of               D. despite

3. Sarah’s dad was so happy …………. she has excellent overall results in the final test.

A. although                 B. in spite of               C. instead of               D. because

4. My mom likes travelling, ………… so does my little brother.

A. and                         B. neither                    C. therefore                 D. either

5. Mrs. Hai is not only a successful businesswoman but she is also a good mom in the family. …………………, she is also loved for being very kind to other people.

A. So                           B. Moreover                C. In additionally        D. Though

6. She decided to close the shop …… moved to another city to live.

A. such as                    B. but                          C. as well                    D. and

7. Gold ……………… silver is the most precious metals now.

A. despite                    B. as well                    C. as well as                D. or

8. Nam’s most favorite food is durian, ……… his elder brother Binh never has one bite of this fruit.

A. over                                    B. whereas                  C. instead of               D. despite

9. Mr. Long is a good and helpful neighbor; ……………, he is respected by most of the residents in the area.

A. that                         B. so that                     C. nevertheless            D. as a result

10. Some types of vegetables ……. carrots, potatoes or cabbage provide our body with a lot of nutrition.

A. such as                    B. example                  C. and                         D. alike

Excercise 3: Read the text and answer the questions.       

This month we feature some people with their experience of driving.

A

Terry: I’d been taking lessons for a year before I passed my driving test at the age of eighteen, but my dad never gave me any help. Even after I’d passed he never let me use the car. So I used to take my dad’s keys before leaving the apartment block where we lived and would run round to the car park at the back where my father left the car at night. He hardly ever used the car after getting in from work. I used to go and see my girlfriend or just drive around and then come back and leave the car in exactly the same place. One night though, I got back at around ten thirty only to find there were no parking spaces left. I suppose because I went in and told my dad the truth straight away he was quite good about it. Although he did stop my allowance for four weeks.

B

Carl: My most unfortunate driving experience happened ages ago, before I’d actually passed my driving test. My girlfriend’s father used to let her borrow his car whenever we were  going to the cinema or something . Anyway, I’d been thinking about learning to drive and I persuaded her to let me have a go. We took the car down to the beach on the sand where no one could see us and she let me take the wheel. We were having such fun that we didn’t notice the tide was coming in until the car was actually swimming in the water. We had to leave the car where it was and catch the bus back to tell her dad. By the time the three of us returned, the car was almost covered in water. Needless to say, her famer wasn’t too pleased. The funny thing is her dad ended up selling me the car after I passed my test.

C

Sarah: I was teaching my mum to drive and we were coming down a rather narrow road which had cars parked on both sides. Suddenly, from nowhere there was a young man on a bike coming towards us. Mum slammed the brakes on but she crashed into us, landed on the car and then rolled off.  My mother and I both jumped out of the car to see if he was all right. Fortunately, he stood up and said he was OK, just a little shaken. My mum offered to give him some money for the repair of the bike, and then an old lady came along. When she saw what had happened, she began shouting at my mother, saying she must have been driving too fast and that it was a bad example to set her young daughter. Poor old mum didn’t say a word and I had to explain that she was still learning to drive.

D

Karen: My advice about learning to drive would be to have proper lessons from a qualified instructor and never to let a friend or family member try to teach you. It’s a guaranteed way to spoil  a good relationship. Every Sunday , when the traffic was quieter, my father would pick me up and take me for a drive along the streets of our hometown and give me a lecture on how to drive, explaining everything he was doing and why. Eventually it was my turn to have a go. My dad was so nervous that he panicked before I’d even started up the engine. He used to shout at the slightest mistake, and when the lesson was finally over he’d come home and have a large glass of whisky to calm down.

E

Jimmy: I didn’t start learning to drive until I was twenty one. I’d spent lots of money on lessons but I was a terrible driver, I must admit. The first time I took my driving test nobody expected me to pass. But after failing another four times the pressure was really on. I took my test for a sixth time and failed yet again, but I was too embarrassed to admit it to family, so I just pretended that I’d passed after all. My family was delighted and my mother went out and bought me a car the next day. I didn’t know what to do so I just got in and drove. I continued to drive – illegally – for three months. Fortunately I was never stopped by the police and the next time I took my driving test I passed.

 

Which person(s):

1. had a parent who was accused of driving dangerously? ..........    

2. bought a car? ..........                       

3. drove his girlfriend’s dad’s car?     ..........

4. drove alone without a license? ..........        

5. had to defend one of their parents? ..........

6. drove the family car without permission? ..........

7. used to make their father nervous? .......... 

8. paid for driving lessons? ..........

9. had no driving instruction from their father? ..........

10. was given driving lessons by an older member of their family? ..........

Exercise 3: Add a suitable conjunction to each sentence below and then rewrite them to make correct sentences.

1. My husband is coming to dinner tonight. My relatives are coming to dinner tonight.

=> .................................................................................................................................................

2. I like learning English. It helps boost my confidence in communications.

=> .................................................................................................................................................

3. My sister was taller than me and our little brother when we were young. I am the tallest now.

=> .................................................................................................................................................

4. No one in the class could solve the math question. Kathy was the only one who can solve it.

=> .................................................................................................................................................

5. Minh had a broken leg. He went to school.

=> .................................................................................................................................................

Exercise 1:

for/because and if because/for therefore

since after if despite in order to

 

Exercise 2:

B C D A B

D C B D A

 

Exercise 3:

C B B E C

A D E A D

 

Exercise 4:

1. My husband and my relatives are coming to dinner tonight.

2. I like learning English because it helps boost my confidence in communications.

3. My sister was taller than me and our little brother when we were young. However, I am the tallest now.

4. No one in the class could solve the math question but Kathy was the only one who can solve it.

5. Though/Although Minh had a broken leg, he still went to school.

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