Ngày 17: Mệnh đề quan hệ (relative clause)

who	N (person) + who + V + O	thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người
whom	N (person) + who + S + V	thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người
whose	N (person, thing) + whose + N + V	thay thế cho các đại từ sở hữu her, his, their, one’s
which	N (thing) + which + V + O N (thing) + which + S + V	thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật
that	N (person, thing) + that + V + O N (person, thing) + that + S + V	thay thế cho các đại từ quan hệ trên trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định

 

why	N (reason) + why + S + V	thay thế cho cụm for the/that reason để giải thích lý do
where (on/in/at which)	N (place) + where + S + V	thay thế cho từ chỉ nơi chốn như there, that place
when (on/in/at which)	N (time) + when + S + V	thay thế cho từ chỉ thời gian như then

 

• Defining relative clauses (Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định)

Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định là mệnh đề được dùng để xác định danh từ đứng trước nó. Mệnh đề xác định là mệnh đề cần thiết cho ý nghĩa của câu, không có nó câu sẽ không đủ nghĩa. Nó được sử dụng khi danh từ là danh từ không xác định và không dùng dấu phẩy ngăn cách nó với mệnh đề chính.

e.g.: Tet is the occasion when people often come back to their hometown to enjoy the special atmosphere with their family.

• Non-defining relative clauses (Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định)

Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin về một người, một vật hoặc một sự việc đã được xác định. Mệnh đề không xác định là mệnh đề không nhất thiết phải có trong câu, không có nó câu vẫn đủ nghĩa. Nó được sử dụng khi danh từ là danh từ xác định và được ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng một hoặc hai dấu phẩy (,) hay dấu gạch ngang (-).

•  

Da, which I visited last summer, is absolutely.

• Da Lat city is absolutely stunning. (việc loại bỏ mệnh đề which I visited last summer không ảnh hưởng đến ý nghĩa của câu)

Exercise 1: Rewrite the sentences using relative clause.

1. My sister works as shop manager. The shop sells woman clothing.

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2. The bridge connects two islands. The bridge was constructed five years ago.

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3. I studied Korean at a training center. Its equipment was innovative and modern.

...............................................................................................................................................

4. My best friend loves to go to Seoul. The street food here is very delicious.

...............................................................................................................................................

5. Stephen Hawking’s scientific research has contributed a lot to humankind. Stephen Hawking is an English physicist.

...............................................................................................................................................

6. My most favorite item of clothing is the blue T-shirt. My mother bought it for me.

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7. Sydney is located by the sea. Sydney is a city in Australia.

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8. The 10-storey building is on Lavender Street. It is for rent.

...............................................................................................................................................

9. Greenhouse effect is on the rise. It has caused many consequences for the environment.

...............................................................................................................................................

10. Traffic congestion is still the concern of many authorities. It happens in many large cities in the world.

...............................................................................................................................................

 

Exercise 2: Read the passage and complete the table. Write NO MORE THAN 3 WORDS for each blank.

Now, some people seem to think it’s just a matter of locking all the doors and windows, which is fine as long as there are no nasty storms while you are away. If you’re going to be away during a storms or windy season, then you also need to take a good look outside your home. Perhaps you live an area where there are a lot of tall trees, in which case you will need to cut off any dead branches that overhang your property.

Do you have a garden or, if you live in a block of flats, perhaps you have a balcony or veranda? If so, make sure you store away any objects that could become damaging missiles if picked up by strong wind, things like outdoor furniture or even plants, for example. These can be especially dangerous if you live in a flat which is a large high-rise building.

Once you’ve taken care of the outdoors you have to consider what could go wrong inside. Remember this isn’t just a house or a flat; this is your home, the place where you keep your most treasured possessions. What would happen to them in a flood, for instance? If you’re leaving for an extended period of time, the best idea is to find someone that can check on your home while you’re away. Perhaps you have a family member who lives close by, or you may have a neighbor that you can rely on.

Another possible problem is having your home burgled while you are away. Now, there are often very good reasons why one house is burgled and another is not. In the evening, a home that’s very dark can really stand out. So why not install lights which have a timer when you would normally be home? Also, make sure you find someone who can collect your mail for you. You’ll be amazed how quickly a letterbox can become crammed full of uncollected letters and papers, which is a great help to a burglar looking for homes that are empty!

 

How to protect your home Outdoors Ÿ If you live in an area (1) ………………………..a lot of tall trees, cut off overhanging or dead  branches. Ÿ Put away objects (2) ………………………damaging missiles. Indoors Ÿ If you are away for a long time then find someone (3) ………………….on your home for you. Ÿ Install lights (4) …………………………a timer so that it looks as though you are home. Ÿ Find someone (5)……………………….your mail regularly.

 

Excercise 3: Mark the letter A, B, C, D to indicate the best answer for each blank.

 

TATTOOING: AN ANCIENT TRADITION Tattooing is an old art. In ancient Greece, people who had tattoos were regarded as members of the (1) __________ classes. On the other hand, tattooing was (2) __________ in Europe by the early Christians, who thought that it was a sinful thing to (3) __________. It was not until the late 18th century, when Captain Cook saw South Sea Islander decorating their bodies with tattoos that attitudes began to change. Sailors came back from these islands with pictures of Christ on their backs and from then on, tattooing (4)__________ popularity. A survey by the French army in 1881 (5) __________ that among the 387 men (6) __________there were 1,333 designs. Nowadays, not everybody finds tattoos acceptable. Some people think that getting one is silly because tattoos are more or less permanent. There is also some (7)  __________ about (8) __________ a blood disease from unsterilized needles. Even for those who do want a tattoo, the (9) __________ of getting one is not painless, but the final result, in their eyes, is (10) __________ the pain.

 

Question 1:    A. upper                      B. greater                   C. high                   D. extreme

Question 2:    A. blamed                   B. exported                C. banned               D. finished

Question 3:    A. be                           B. create                     C. do                      D. make

Question 4:    A. gained                     B. won                       C. earned                D. made

Question 5:    A. declared                  B. showed                  C. explained           D. said

Question 6:    A. questioned              B. inquired                 C. demanded          D. spoken

Question 7:    A. danger                    B. concern                 C. trouble                D. threat

Question 8:    A. gaining                   B. infecting                C. having                D. catching

Question 9:    A. progress                  B. system                   C. pace                    D. process

Question 10:  A. worth                      B. due                        C. owed                   D. deserved

 

Exercise 4: Read the passage and complete the task below.

Here are the instructions for next weekend's camping trip in Scotland. There are seventeen people going on this trip so it's important that you arrive at the meeting point early enough for us to be able to leave at 8am. There will be two mini buses and please make sure you are on the right one. Last week's e-mail gave all this information. We should arrive in the camping area at about 2pm, which will give us enough time to buy the food we need in the local supermarket and then go to the area where we will set up the tents, which is a long way from town. There will be a total of four large tents put up and each tent will have a tent leader, a person who went on this trip last year and therefore has the necessary experience. If you have any problems during the two days, you should always go directly to your tent leader and speak to him/her. We are not expecting there to be very bad weather this weekend in Scotland, but the weather situation in the Scottish hills is always very unpredictable and for this reason, we have advised everyone to take wet weather clothing with you. If windy, stormy weather arrives at the camping area, it may also be necessary to leave the hills and go down into the town. It's very likely that your phones will not work in the hills, so you must warn your parents of this. You will be able to use your phones when we are in the town, but not when we are camping. If you have any other questions about the trip, come either to me or Mrs. Sanderson.

 

Decide if the following sentences are True (T), False (F) or Not given (NG).

1. This letter is from a teacher.

2. Instructions about the mini buses will be in a future e-mail.

3. The tents will be set up near the supermarket.

4. Some of the people going camping this year also went last year.

5. There was very bad weather on the camping trip last year.

6. Wet weather clothing can be hired in the town.

7. Nobody can use their phone during the trip.

Exercise 1:

1. My sister works as manager at a shop that/which sells woman clothing.
2. The bridge that/which connects two islands was constructed five years ago.
3. I studied Korean at a training center of which the equipment was innovative and modern.
4. My best friend loves to go to Seoul where the street food is very delicious.
5. The scientific research of Stephen Hawking who is an English physicist has contributed a lot to humankind.
6. My most favorite item of clothing is the blue T-shirt that/which my mother bought for me.
7. Sydney, which is a city in Australia, is located by the sea.
8. The 10-storey building that/which is on Lavender Street is for rent.
9. Greenhouse effect is on the rise, which has caused many consequences for the environment.
10. Traffic congestion, which happens in many large cities in the world, is still the concern of many authorities.

Exercise 2:

1. where there are
2. that could become
3. that/who can check
4. which/that have
5. who/that can collect

Exercise 3:

A C C A B

A B D D A

Exercise 4:

1. NG
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. NG
6. F
7. F